Butane is the lightest liquid stream produced in a refinery. The butane molecule has four carbon atoms and 10 hydrogen atoms.

Butane is typically either blended into gasoline or LPG (in small volumes) or sold directly as a finished product. As a commercial finished product, butane is used as a home heating fuel, as cigarette lighter fluid, a refrigerant gas, and as a propellant.

It is also frequently converted into isobutane for use as an alkylation feed stock. It is sometimes used as a refinery fuel, but this is typically its lowest-value end use and avoided where possible.

Butane production

Butane comes from many different process units in the refinery, as well as from outside sources such as natural gas plants (from separating NGLs) and from steam crackers (in the C4 raffinate).

Major sources inside the refinery include:

• Atmospheric distillation - All crude oils yield some amount of butane when distilled. Typically butane leaves the distillation tower in a wet gas stream that is sent to the saturated gas plant for separation from lighter gases (methane and ethane) that are then used for fuel.

• FCC - In the FCC conversion process, large amounts of C4s are produced, including both saturated butane and unsaturated butylene. Often the unsaturated olefins are separated for use as feed to the alkylation unit.

• Coker - Similar to the FCC, the coker conversion process generates mixed C4s containing saturated and unsaturated molecules. However, it is less common for coker C4s to have their olefins separated out as the percentage of unsaturated molecules is lower than from the FCC.

• Reformer - Reformers will yield approximately 5% (by volume) of C4s in the conversion process.

Butane (commercial) product quality

Commercial butane typically has the following specifications:

Vapor pressure: 31psig at 70F; 59psig at 100F; 97psig at 130F

Specific gravity: 0..582 at 60F

Initial boiling point: 15F at 1bar

Dew point: 24F at 1bar

Specific heat: 0.549 Btu/lb at 60F; 2.299kJ/kg at 15.6C

Lower limit of flammability: 1.9 vol% gas in air

Upper limit of flammability: 8.6 vol% gas in air

Latent heat of vaporization: 155 Btu/lb; 383.8 kJ/kg

Gross heating value (liquid): 21,170 Btu/lb; 49,241 kJ/kg

Gross heating value (gas): 3,350 Btu/ft3; 12,482 kJ/m3